The CNC (Computer Numerical Control) lathe is currently the most advanced evolution of the basic machine. It does everything a conventional lathe does, but machining is fully automated and controlled by a built-in computer. Essentially, the parameters of the required part are entered into a program and the machine’s components move as commanded by the computer.
The computer also receives signals from sensors placed at key points, so it can constantly monitor that the job is running correctly. If the sensors detect that the part is drifting out of the set dimensions, the system corrects it immediately. As you can imagine, this is extremely precise machining that comes close to perfection, with the operator checking the data supplied by the computer and the finished parts.
There are several types of CNC lathe: below we look at automatic lathes and second-operation lathes.
Automatic CNC lathes
Thanks to a series of complex mechanisms, every operation – including clamping the parts in the chuck – is automatic. Automatic bar lathes, for example, can produce large series of identical parts. These are generally small to medium-sized parts machined from metal bar (screws, bushings, pins, nuts, rings and so on).
Second-operation CNC lathes
This is another particular type of lathe work: after a first set-up for a series of operations, the part is removed and repositioned in the chuck so that a second series of operations can be carried out (the second operation). Essentially, you start from a semi-finished part from which a specific product can be made through one or more set-ups. This makes it possible to complete all the operations needed to finish the mechanical part.